What do you need to top rope outside. Establishing top rope anchor using two quickdraws - acceptable? Hey, I'm dabbling into the basics of climbing, and am wondering if it is (and why not) acceptable to establish a top rope anchor by attaching two quickdraws to the two top bolts? Mar 25, 2025 · We’ll cover everything you need to know about rope care, including how to clean your rope, how to store it properly, and when it’s time to retire a rope. The thicker rope will last longer because it has more sheath. Unless you're frequently taking factor 1. I'm Nov 20, 2023 · One key aspect of top-rope climbing is the safety measures involved. Is it recommended that we go to a easy route with anchors thay can be safely accessed from the top and build an anchor and spend the day top roping? We know the knots and all except we would be buying the gear, we have harnesses and rope. Aug 15, 2024 · When it comes to tree work, selecting the right type of rope is crucial for ensuring safety, efficiency, and success in various tasks such as climbing, rigging, and lowering branches. I’ve heard so many complaints from people who are frustrated with their rope slipping or pulling out of their wall. Aug 4, 2018 · Gear for Top Rope Climbing August 4, 2018 Climbing Gear Reviews, Gear Reviews, Rock Climbing, Tech Tips climbing gear gear for top rope climbing toproping Photo by Alexandra Roberts After teaching an anchor building clinic last week my guest started an email chain with me looking for some specific recommendations on improving his top-rope Dec 8, 2020 · Lead climbing and top rope climbing are two techniques that you need to learn if you’re serious about your rock climbing training. I figure 100 ft of static rope should do, but what kind of rating does it need to have, given that the dynamic rope will take the brunt of the fall? Would 550 lb paracord work? What are the best types of rope for outdoors? How to choose the best one for you? How to tie it all together for your next adventure? Tips and tricks from professionals. I want to teach you how to anchor battle ropes at home the right way. It provides easy clipping at the top and I usually choose this for when all climbers will be leading the climb. Keep reading to learn about top rope climbing and how to get started. (That doesn Setting up a secure top rope anchor is vital. Not so with a toprope. Whether you’ve been top roping at your local gym, watched some sport competitions at a friend’s house, or gone on a guided trip, you may already know a thing or two about lead climbing. Mar 1, 2023 · In this post, we will show you how to hang rope lights outdoors so that you can enjoy their beauty all year round. Plus, no hardware makes outdoor curtains possible for rental situations in which tenants don't If you have a few longer quickdraws in your rack, it can be a good idea to rack these on the gear loop, that way you’ll know where to find them when you need them (at the top anchors and in places where a shorter draw will position a carabiner over an edge). Is Top rope climbing safe? Top Rope Climbing or Top Roping is safer than all other forms of climbing when proper technique is used. The correct length and thickness of the rope can be the difference between a safe climb and a dangerous situation. Whether you're new to climbing or a seasoned pro, our blog has something for everyone. While it is the least secure, it likely won’t allow the rope to come out especially if you do not climb above the anchor when cleaning but still does not have the added security of all the other methods. If you’re updating your outdoor landscaping for the year, it’s a good idea to upgrade the rope your flagpole is using as well, also known as a flagpole halyard. Figured out how to setup a top rope anchor from a bunch of YouTube videos and went climbing for the first time outside. These would be recommended to purchase, instead of the natural type, if using outdoors. Feb 16, 2024 · When Buying a Rope Look for the type of rope you’ll want for the activity you’re planning to do. Jul 14, 2023 · When you start climbing, you should be focusing on things like learning how to belay and how to rappel and have a more experienced mentor set up your anchors. Why Should You Need to Hang Rope Lights Outdoor? There are many reasons why you should need to hang rope lights outdoor. Cordelette or static rope for rigging anchors off of trees and boulders Minimum two extra locking carabiners, for your “master point”. You can also top rope at most indoor climbing gyms, some of which feature Dec 30, 2023 · Lead climbing opens up new possibilities and challenges for climbers looking to advance beyond top rope climbing. For a standard rappel, a climber will secure a climbing rope to a top anchor. This seems obvious, but it is worth noting that you need more than just ordinary rope. Only top-rope on walls that can clearly support an anchor on the top of the cliff edge or overhang. From climbing up a crag to rappelling back down, top-rope climbing relies on a sturdy, safe anchor at the top of the route. Nov 24, 2020 · The quick draw anchor is the least secure of all the anchors. Sep 29, 2015 · To climb outside, you should invest in a quality climbing helmet to protect your noggin from rock fall or people dropping stuff on you. When a climber falls, having a solid top rope anchor is literally a matter of life and death. Choosing the right climbing rope is a critical decision for any climber. Sure, the same fundamental factors are at play—rope, carabiner, gravity—wheels, pedals, legs—but the interactions between those factors A climbing anchor is a system made up of individual anchor points that are linked together to create a master point that the rope and/or climbers clip into to be securely attached to the rock. There are lots of different forms of rock climbing, from bouldering to multi-pitch trad climbing. I live in dublin so theirs a quarry still open, what is involved in setting uo a top rope? On average what gear do you need? Is it possible for a novice to set it up, and what are the major pitfalls? thanks John Al Downie13 Mar 2001 What size of climbing rope do I need? When buying a climbing rope, length and diameter are the key criteria, as they both determine the overall weight of your rope. You should definitely do both. We will discuss in detail the importance of proper belaying techniques, how to set up a secure anchor system, and the best practices for communication between the climber and the belayer. This means your first climb will likely be on a top rope or seconding an experienced leader and you’ll need the same basic equipment as you would to climb indoors: a climbing harness, a belay device and suitable climbing shoes. You should also get four locking carabiners and 20 feet of 7mm diameter cordelette for anchor material. It’s one of the first skills you’ll need as you transition from the gym to the crag, and it’s a good one: Learn how to set up a top rope anchor, and the world is your climbing gym. A climbing rope is your lifeline when tackling any route, keeping you safe and secure when you lose your footing above ground. Apr 27, 2021 · Top tips for climbing outside Climbing in the great outdoors can take you to some amazing places, but it can be daunting taking that first step to climb outside. Setting up a top rope anchor is the easiest way to get in a ton of climbing outdoors without having to lead routes from the ground up. Also, you do not have to spend a lot of time and money on training. Synthetic ropes do not rot or shrink when wet, so you do not need to add any extra to your measured lengths. Lead climbing involves trailing the rope behind you and clipping into protection as you climb, while top roping has the rope secured above you at a fixed anchor point. To embark on this journey, it's crucial to grasp the fundamental mechanics, gear requirements, and the pivotal step of obtaining top-rope certification in a climbing gym. What other equipment would I need to start top roping outside and where do you guys suggest I look? Nov 22, 2021 · How do you install top rope anchors? Is webbing stronger than rope? Tests show static rope is about three times stronger than webbing when pulled down over an edge, and vastly superior when pulled along a sharp edge, as would happen if the master point shifted during a traversing climb. May 5, 2025 · Top-rope climbing, a popular choice for recreational climbers, offers a safer alternative to lead climbing. The thinner rope handles more falls because it has more core. Oct 23, 2012 · Once you master this setup, you can climb worry-free and focus on getting stronger and having fun. Often climbers use in situ gear, but that can be dangerous as the equipment can wear with heavy use. Rub the powder into the fibers to keep the rope slick and moving freely. May 10, 2024 · When top-roping indoors, you won’t initially need to purchase your own rope, as the centre provides fixed ropes. Dynamic climbing rope is meant for this. you want to twist the cord together and pull it tight and tie it off with a clove hitch. I've taken a class that included setting up tree anchors. Doing so allows you to descend steep terrain with great speed and Sep 20, 2023 · Sport climbing is one of those hobbies that’s mostly free and extremely accessible once you own the gear. They’re a very simple piece of kit: you simply need the loop to be larger than the diameter of your battle rope! I’ve been reading about top roping outdoors. However, all of the people I have befriended from my gym so far are beginner to intermediate and none have climbed outside. Knowing the length and weight per meter allows you to calculate the total weight of the rope. If you follow the instructions below, you Mar 14, 2023 · When hanging outdoor curtains with sisal rope, you have two options: You can attach the rope to eye bolts following the steps above, or you can tie the rope itself around the columns. The rope runs from the climber’s Learn how to find a climbing rope that's right for you, with information on types of ropes, diameter, length, features and safety ratings. Put a knot in the rope Rope bags and mats are not just for the crag. There are a lot of different ropes out there. So my friend and I mostly Boulder in the gym and have even climbing a few times in the climbing gym. It's recommended to bring approximately 10 feet of reflective paracord for every tie-off point for tarp setups, around 100 feet of braided rope for hanging bear bags, 10-15 feet of paracord for drying clothes, and 20 feet of paracord for tent guy lines. Learn the gear and skills you need to enjoy bouldering, sport climbing and trad climbing outdoors. Other than that, some tubular webbing to make anchors, maybe some cordlette/slings, locking biners, and a belay device. I was taken out climbing once and he hasn't. This creates a continuous loop that protects the climber in case of a fall. This video shows several different top rope anchor setups that you can use for outdoor climbing. However, if you progress to lead climbing, you’ll require your own rope, along with a helmet for outdoor climbs. In sport-climbing areas, the typical top-rope belay setup is identical to that so well known indoors: the slingshot belay. Different tree ropes are designed for specific functions, and using the wrong type can lead to accidents or equipment failure. Lead climbing allows you to explore more adventurous multi-pitch routes while sharpening your risk assessment, gear placement, and climbing abilities. The locking draw Feb 15, 2023 · The former is obviously just a matter of buying a high-quality battle rope anchor online. Jan 4, 2024 · Top rope climbing is a beginner-friendly style of climbing where the rope runs from the climber's harness up to an anchor system at the top of the route and back down to the belayer on the ground. Warning: This technique only applies if you have safe access to the top of a cliff, where bolt anchors are often placed. Nov 8, 2023 · Our list of the best rope tree swings can help you dramatically improve your backyard. Top rope climbing is what most people imagine when they think of climbing, as it’s the most commonly practiced in gyms around the world. If the anchor points utilize hardware, the rope is typically threaded through rappel rings so that the mid-point of the rope is at the top, giving two strands of Setting up a top rope anchor is an essential climbing skill to learn. Anchor yourself to a tree or crack with a long sling or length of rope before approaching the cliff edge to set up a toprope. But, figuring out what gear to initially purchase can be challenging. I am wondering for people who started climbing indoors as an adult, how did you transition to climbing outside? It seems that outdoor climbers have What skills do you need for top rope climbing? The technique involving the use of top roping is the best option for beginners. Wall, San Francisco) Top-roping outside on fixed anchors is most like climbing in the gym, and is the logical first step outdoors. You'll need to do some research about what rope to get though, there is a lot of varietydiameter, treatments, dynamic/static, length, etc. It’s helpful to use lockers with plenty of surface area and good durability. Of course there are other ways to build power and endurance if you find you actually dislike one school or the other. This is specifically for climbing outside when there is a pair of bolts which are accessible by walking up to the top of the climb. Climbing outdoors on real rock is a rush. An anchor refers to the whole system — the anchor points, the protection gear, runners, carabiners and climbing rope. Rope 101, braid types, basic professional tips and tricks. Jan 15, 2024 · How to Hang Rope Lights Here are the detailed steps you can follow to hang your rope lights. A helmet doesn’t hurt The above is kind of the “bare minimum,” which will allow you to deal with How Do You Top Rope Outside? If you ever want to try top roping outside the safety and comfort of your indoor gym, you would just need to follow the steps above. Nov 22, 2021 · Do you need locking carabiners for top rope anchor? Toprope Anchors If you’re toproping through an anchor, it’s especially important to use locking carabiners. AID FOR TRAVEL Mark where you have been while travelling through difficult terrain or keep your belongings Mar 24, 2025 · To combat this, try coating the length of your rope with baby powder. In short, top roping is the safest and simplest way for a new climber to experience the basics of rock climbing. So I plan to start climbing outside starting in the next few months. Also, try to make your anchor efficient and Rope lights are available in various sizes, colors, and lengths, making them versatile and easy to use. These can be used for top rope or if you lead a sport climbing or trad climbing route. That’s because even if you’re at a crag with fixed hardware (like chains and rings) at the top of the route, it’s bad form to top rope directly out of Nov 23, 2023 · Top rope may not be the most glamorous form of rock climbing, but it’s the first step in the journey for most folks who start climbing. Aug 23, 2022 · Here are the basic things you need to know about lead climbing: 1. Whether you're top-rope climbing or lead climbing, knowing how to build a solid anchor is absolutely critical to staying secure. You're in the right place, as we’ve dissected everything you need to know to kickstart your top-rope climbing Bobby shows his favorite ways to build a top rope anchor on 2 bolts. You need to be careful though, most of us got addicted after our first top rope route! When people think of climbing, top roping is the kind of rock climbing commonly imagined by most people. Both forms are extremely fun and have valid use within the sport. In addition to standard items like a rope, harness, shoes and a helmet, the lead climber needs to carry gear specific to either sport leading or trad leading. Our expert guides explain the equipment, safety, and techniques involved in this popular climbing style. Eventually, though, there comes a time when you want to set up your own top-rope anchor. Moved PermanentlyThe document has moved here. Bouldering is the practice of climbing short and challenging routes without the use of ropes or other safety equipment. With a good belay and a solid set of anchors, very few accidents happen to climbers who are top roping. But eventually, you’ll need to learn how to set up your own top rope anchor. 7 falls on the full length of your rope, UIAA falls have very little to do with how long your rope will last. There are many important considerations when building an anchor, but the Sep 13, 2023 · Learn how to sport climb, with the basics of lead climbing, clipping bolts, anchor building, and eventually sport climbing outside on real rock. Jun 25, 2021 · You can top-rope on rock walls that have clear summits or overhangs to place an anchor point. To set up a top rope you will need: Four screwgate carabiners and a cordelette/ long sling. Nov 18, 2024 · Once you’ve chosen what kind of rope for tree swing you want to use, it’s time to think about how to hang a tree swing and what size rope for a tree swing you’ll need. Don’t feel like reading the whole guide? May 22, 2025 · The standard progression of a climber involves learning the ropes (pun intended) on top rope and then progressing to lead when you’re ready for the next challenge and a new array of possibilities. You can find these everywhere – from Amazon to your local hardware store. Keep reading to learn everything you need to know! What is Rappelling? As I said above, rappelling is the art of lowering yourself down a length of rope in a controlled manner. My new plan is to go Boulder next next weekend. Here’s how to build one in four easy steps. Battle ropes can be mounted with special battle rope anchor kits or they can be looped through other equipment in the home gym. Your rope has to handle massive falls from climbers of various weights. Our AMGA Certified climbing instructors will teach you the skills necessary to set up top ropes, access top rope anchors, clean anchors, rope management, outdoor climbing etiquette, and more. You usually do it on boulder formations or artificial climbing walls. What is the best rope for camping, how much rope do you need to bring? This video shows several different top rope anchor setups that you can use for outdoor climbing. The difference between lead climbing and toproping It’s only marginally ridiculous to declare that toproping is to lead climbing as plastic tricycles are to carbon fiber racing bikes. In this article we want to teach you how to anchor battle ropes, weather you are anchoring outside, at home inside or on a basement floor. Jun 17, 2020 · How To Anchor Battle Ropes At Home. Sep 30, 2019 · A-Z Outdoor Uses for Rope There are endless possibilities for how someone can use rope and cord, but here are just a few ideas for how to use them outside. If you are new to climbing outdoors or thinking about starting we have gathered some useful tips to help you stay safe and feel confident. Even if there are no trees, if you can find a boulder that comes off the ground several feet, you can use this to create a shelter. Jul 16, 2025 · What is top roping vs lead climbing? Within rope climbing, there are two distinct disciplines: top roping and lead climbing. I have been climbing for a few months now and would like to start top roping outdoors in southern California. Here’s a guide to help you choose the right type of tree rope for your needs You'll need two lockers to run your rope through. (Beaver St. Here's what I'd recommend: 30m static rope (9-11 mm) 1 or 2 25ft cordolettes 2 double-length nylon slings 4 single-length nylon slings several non lockers 6 lockers a rope! Climbing Anchors by John Long, or any other anchor-building book This gear will allow you to utilize natural features to build top-rope anchors. Currently I have a harness, shoes, and a belay device. Jun 14, 2022 · Interested in moving from the wall to the crag? Read our guide to how to start rock climbing outdoors for tips on safety, etiquette and gear Finally you need to attach a screwgate krab at the top of the quarry. This is enough to feel the thrill, while the climber does not put himself or herself at risk. Dec 4, 2022 · Top rope climbing is a favorite amongst climbers because anyone can learn how to climb, it doesn’t require much gear to get started (indoors), and it’s relatively safe– so long as you take the standard safety precautions seriously. Oct 2, 2022 · Top rope climbing is a very popular activity for people looking for a fun, challenging and safe way to climb. Read more now and start climbing with confidence! The amazing thing about setting up a tarp shelter is that depending on your length of rope, you set up your tarp just about anywhere you can find an anchor point. But how do you know which rope is the best choice for your flagpole? Our team at QNR has outlined the top choices for you. The stretchiness allows the rope to absorbthe shock so that the rope catches the climber with minimal wear and minimal impact on their Apr 4, 2025 · If you want to get off the ground when climbing, you're going to need a rope. You could join a club, book a course, hire an instructor/guide or go with a suitable friend. However, to set up a safe top rope using trad gear, you need to consider the following factors; As for geartop roping is pretty easy to get into, the rope is the expensive part. I was planning on bouldering outside for the first time last weekend, but the rain attacked. Aug 1, 2023 · You can hang your weather-resistant rope lights outside under awnings, along the deck, or on the gutters. Climbers need to be attentive on the belay, and very careful when setting up anchors. These can be used for top rope or if you lead a sport climb I have a dynamic rope and plenty of quickdraws and carabiners. 0 mm is ideal if you plan to do a lot of top-roping). Endurance built from rope climbing will help teach you and your muscles how to relax and recover for prolonged Bouldering sessions, and power from Bouldering may come in handy for harder rope routes. It is the opposite of lead climbing, where the climber places protection as they go, whereas with top roping the protection is provided by the anchor and the belayer. Expert Advice / Climbing / Rock Climbing How to Set and Clean a Top-Rope Anchor When you first start top-rope climbing, you always have a more experienced climber set things up for you. Aug 27, 2024 · Why do you need rope for survival? It’s a versatile and essential tool in any survival situation, offering a wide range of applications, from building shelters and securing gear to first aid and even food procurement. when your done cut the extra cord off and seal it with a lighter. Climbers must consider the type of climbing they intend to do because the rope acts as their lifeline. As a prepper, having a reliable rope is indispensable, and this article will help you understand its many uses and why it’s a must-have item in your survival kit. Discover the basics of top rope climbing with Rock n Rope Adventures. Two other situations that this section addresses are how to rig a slingshot top-rope on routes that are longer than half a rope length, and how to safely top-rope Mar 23, 2023 · Synthetic ropes are a lot more popular for outdoor use, as they don’t need to be treated. Jul 17, 2020 · Today we’re going to tell you everything you need to know to lead climb like a pro, lead belay like a boss, and give you some bonafide-tested steps to lead climbing mastery. This kind of lightweight rope stretches when a climber falls. Access to the top of routes will vary, as will the available anchor points. You will also find a recommended kit list for different types of climbing, coaching options and Tie a clove hitch to the outside rope, you will want to work form left to right spacing the ropes about 1 inch apart. The natural progression is from top rope to lead. This depends on what's up there, but it should be as strong and sturdy as possible, and, if at all possible, there should be at least two points, equalised up, with the screwgate krab hanging over the edge. Mar 17, 2017 · Top-rope climbing is the best way for beginners to get out on the rocks. after you have all the cord going one way you need to go the other way. We took to our local sport crags, famous multi In the following guide I talk about what rappelling is, how to do it, what gear you’ll need, when you’ll want to rappel, and how you can learn it. It’s also a great way to work on your climbing skills and get used to the equipment that you will need if you want to go out into the wilderness and do some real rock climbing later on. Whether you’re hiking, boating, or looking for the best types of rope for outdoor decoration, we show you the best ropes for outdoor use. We ask the experts about the best. Plus 1 for your belay device, ATC and prusik cord. It is a popular form of rock climbing that is relatively easy and fun way to get into climbing. Consider that dry ropes will often be more expensive than non-dry ropes because of the chemical treatment applied to repel water, but also ensure you’re buying the correct length and diameter you want. . It adds a couple new Nov 22, 2021 · How many carabiners do I need for top rope climbing? Locking Carabiners: 6-8 is a good start, I recommend the Sterling Falcon. I'm a sport climber and haven't done a ton of setting up top-ropes outside, but basically you want to make sure your anchor point (s) are bomber, that your climbing rope isn't running across a sharp edge, and that your carabiner gates aren't rubbing against a rock that could work them open. 4 things to consider: Is your anchor - Strong, Solid, Secure and Redundant. Feb 27, 2024 · A dog yard leash or tie-out can facilitate safe roaming for your pup when you can't let them off leash. If you're climbing sport routes, like your quick draw mention suggests, then you can just use two opposed draws for your top rope anchor. If you don’t have a climbing buddy with a rope, you’ll need to invest in one. The gear you need for lead climbing builds upon the essentials for top-rope climbing. Setting up a top rope outside is easy. Sep 29, 2022 · What’s Rappelling? Rappelling, also known as abseiling in some parts of the world, is a technique of lowering oneself down a rope using a rappel device. Nov 11, 2019 · What Gear Do You Need to Top Rope Rock Climb Outside? You need: A high-diameter climbing rope (±10. We now offer a synthetic Manila and a synthetic sisal rope. Top Roping. Top rope climbing, on the other hand, involves ascending a route while being secured by a rope. You’ll need 4 for a bolted anchor and at least one for your personal safety line while working on the edge. The weight is usually shown in grams per meter (g/m) to make it easier to directly compare ropes with different lengths. By understanding and mastering these safety protocols, you can ensure a smooth and secure climbing experience every time you hit the walls. Our list includes both ropes and kits to hang rope, along with a few ready-made options if you want less work to make the outdoors amazing for your children. You don’t have to worry about taking falls or clipping bolts, you can simply focus on the climb and let your belayer do the rest. While using baby powder is key for breaking in new team ropes, you’ll also need to take this step as part of general rope maintenance moving forward. Length The right Aug 6, 2024 · From rope tarps to crag bags and climbing packs, we test the best climbing rope bags for carrying your climbing rope and keeping it clean and unknotted. Find ideas for when you take trips, participate in recreational activities, need to decorate, or are in an emergency situation. There are many ways to set up a top rope anchor and this article covers 7 of them. Check here for the skills you need to know and what equipment you need to buy. The latter option makes sisal rope a great option for porches with columns or posts unsuitable for mounting hardware. The standard system for topropes is to use two locking carabiners, opposite and opposed. Hi, I've took up climbing recently and haven't as yet ventured outside to climb. In addition, rope lights are relatively inexpensive, making them a popular choice for both indoor and outdoor lighting. The casting will stay clear, and the lights will continue to show off their warm, hazy glow. They’ll get used up quick. Jan 7, 2022 · What is top roping? At its most fundamental level, top roping is climbing with the rope already fed through an anchor at the top of a climb. However, learning how to place traditional gear will give you a lot more Hey guys, I have been bouldering for 3 months and just starting climbing top rope. I am very interested in climbing outside. Feb 21, 2025 · Bouldering and top rope climbing are two popular forms of rock climbing. Always thought you had to set up top rope by either sport or trad climbing? Am I wrong? Do they label these routes where it’s safe to setup a top rope or are top rope routes where you can walk up and set an anchor? ”For sport top-rope routes, it’s possible to hike to Feb 11, 2019 · Climbers looking to start climbing on their own outside often have two common questions: how do I build a top rope anchor and what equipment is required to set up a top rope? Although there are many ways to build an anchor for top roping, my preferred method is to use a static line to create a master point with two solid anchor points. Learn how to set up a top rope when sport climbing. Currently all I do is Boulder and top rope in the gym. Gather everything you need for the job: surface cleaning materials, batteries for the lights, lights, a sufficient number of clips, screws or nails, screwdriver or hammer, pencil for marking, measuring tape, masking tape. Over the past decade, our climbing experts tested over 40 different climbing ropes, with the 13 best models on the market in our current review. Learn how to climb outdoors and transition your indoor climbing experience to the real rock. This beginner's guide to top rope informs you with all you need to get started climbing top rope. I was noticing that the Mountain Project had routes labeled as top rope. If you're lead climbing at the gym, check with a gym employee to find out what gear is provided. How to Set Up a Bolted Top Rope Anchor: I'll go over one method of setting up a top-rope anchor for climbing outside, specifically the Quad Anchor. A rope that is too short may not allow for the completion of a route, while one that is too long can May 2, 2024 · A: The amount of rope you will need for camping depends on the specific tasks you plan to accomplish. zxpg lfvc gxgrj wghf gjbayns szigle wlatyi bzgrwp nxuhrpz yze
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